Hashing and Maps

Hashing and Maps
> Click or hit Control-Enter to run Example.main above

Imagine I told you that there was a function with the following properties:

Determinism: it can convert an arbitrary amount of data into a single limited-size value. If we repeat the computation on the same data, we get the same value.
Uniformity: over many inputs, each output value is equally likely.
Efficiency: it is efficient to compute.

A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes.

It may not seem obvious at first, but hash functions have many, many uses.

Imagine the following scenario:

You need to download a 120GB file to install a particular piece of software.
It’s possible that, along the way, some data gets corrupted—either by the network or by your disk, who knows.
So before you install the software you want to be sure that you downloaded the file correctly.

Without a hash function, what do we have to do?

Download the 120GB file.
Download it again. (Slow.)
Compare the two to make sure that they are the same. (Also slow.)

Remember, I have a function with the following properties:

Determinism: it can convert an arbitrary amount of data into a single limited-size value. If we repeat the computation on the same data, we get the same value.
Uniformity: over many inputs, each output value is equally likely.
Efficiency: it is efficient to compute.

With a hash function, what do we do?

You compute the hash of your copy of the file.
Download a hash of the file: maybe only a few bytes.
Compute the hash of the file locally and make sure that it matches.

md5 is a popular hash function that produces a 128-bit value.

We’re expecting an md5 hash value of d95bacb4ccd59657a5ac2bf66b35ebcc:

$ md5 mactex-20170524.pkg
MD5 (mactex-20170524.pkg) = d95bacb4ccd59657a5ac2bf66b35ebcc
$

Imagine the following scenario.

You sent me foo.docx at some point.
(I deleted it because it was a .docx file, so in reality scenario over.)
But let’s pretend that you can’t remember if you sent me the latest version.

Without a hash function, what do we do?

You send me the file again.
(And I delete it again.)

Remember, I have a function with the following properties:

Determinism: it can convert an arbitrary amount of data into a single limited-size value. If we repeat the computation on the same data, we get the same value.
Uniformity: over many inputs, each output value is equally likely.
Efficiency: it is efficient to compute.

With a hash function, what do we to do?

You compute the hash of your file.
I compute the hash of my file.
If they are the same, we’re done.
Otherwise you send me your copy.

git uses hashes (the SHA-1 algorithm) to fingerprint files and commits:

More or less, here’s what happens when you push to GitHub.com:

Your computer says: "Hi GitHub.com, I have the following files: a6efc501d57b88df337fe904483d25732bb3e45e, 4e292499a1194d0493bd5350408fe3254d2335d3, 20da0fbbf8e8c279bb1edbbe0ac5ae40349edceb, …"
Server, "OK, I’ve got 4e292499a1194d0493bd5350408fe3254d2335d3 and a6efc501d57b88df337fe904483d25732bb3e45e but I need 20da0fbbf8e8c279bb1edbbe0ac5ae40349edceb and …".
Your computer: "OK, sending those now…"

If a hash function produces the same hash for two different inputs this is called a collision.

In some cases, particularly if the size of the hash is small, collisions are expected and we plan to deal with them.
If the size of the hash is large enough and the hash function is uniform, collisions should never happen and the world will end if they do. (Or at least git will stop working and my world will end.)

In a room with 100 students, what is the probability that two will share the same birthday 1? 99.9999%

Does anybody know how many you need to get a 50% chance? Only 23!
This is bad for our hash functions… collisions are more likely than we might think!

How many documents do I have to hash before I find two with the same hash with 50% probability?

It depends on how large the hash is!
For 16 bits, 300. (The MP6 starter code had 80 files in it.)
For 32 bits, 77,000 (My computer has 2.5 million files on it.)
For 64 bits, 5 billion (GitHub.com has 1 billion files.)
For 128 bits, 14,000,000,000,000,000,000. (Now we’re getting warmer.)
(Git actually uses a 160-bit hash function.)
For 512 bits, 1.4 * 10^77 (The universe only has ~10^78 atoms, so this is probably enough.)

But the best is yet to come!

int[] numbers = new int[] {5, 6, 7};
System.out.println(numbers[0]);
numbers[1] = 8;

Arrays map an index (0, 1, 2, array.length to a value).
The value can be anything, but the indices had to be be integers.
No longer!

A Java Map allows us to use any object like an array index.

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;

Map<String, Integer> stringValues = new HashMap<>();
stringLengths.put("test", 5);
System.out.println(stringLengths.get("test")); // Prints 5
stringLengths.put("test", 7);
System.out.println(stringLengths.get("test")); // Prints 7

Maps are one of the two data structures you meet in heaven. (Along with lists.) Every language has them:

Python calls them dictionaries: dict["key"] = "value"
JavaScript calls them anonymous objects dict["key"] = "value"
C++ calls them maps: dict.insert(std::make_pair("key", "value"));
Go calls them maps: dict["key"] = "value"
Even Perl had them: $dict{'key'} = "value"!
Sometimes we call them key-value stores, since each key maps to a single value

> Click or hit Control-Enter to run Example.main above

Let’s say that I want to process a large corpus of text and then be able to quickly answer queries about how many times particular words appear.

> Click or hit Control-Enter to run Example.main above

So how do we implement a Map?

Use a hashCode to retrieve a hash code for each object.
Use that value—or a smaller part of it—as an index into an array.
But what about collisions?

$hash table$

public class HashMap {
  private static final int TABLE_SIZE = 16;
  class Item {
    public Object key;
    public Object value;
    public Item next;
    Item(Object setKey, Object setValue, Item setNext) {
      key = setKey;
      value = setValue;
      next = setNext;
    }
  }
  private Item[] items = new Item[TABLE_SIZE];
  public int itemCount = 0;
  private int hash(Object key) {
    int hashValue = key.hashCode() % TABLE_SIZE;
    if (hashValue < 0) {
      hashValue += TABLE_SIZE;
    }
    return hashValue;
  }
  public void put(Object key, Object value) {
    int bucket = hash(key);
    Item current = items[bucket];
    for (; current != null; current = current.next) {
      if (current.key.equals(key)) {
        current.value = value;
        return;
      }
    }
    Item newItem = new Item(key, value, items[bucket]);
    items[bucket] = newItem;
    itemCount++;
    return;
  }
}
public class Example {
  public static void main(String[] unused) {
    HashMap ourHashMap = new HashMap();
    ourHashMap.put("test", "me");
    System.out.println(ourHashMap.itemCount);
    ourHashMap.put("test", "another");
    System.out.println(ourHashMap.itemCount);
  }
}

> Click or hit Control-Enter to run Example.main above

Let’s consider the performance of our simple HashMap in two cases. First, if the array is very small relative to the number of items:

put: O(n) with n being the number of items
get: O(n) with n being the number of items
At this point the HashMap is acting like a linked list.

Let’s consider the performance of our simple HashMap in two cases. Second, if the array is very large relative to the number of items:

put: O(1)
get: O(1)
At this point the HashMap is acting like an array.
What’s the problem? It requires a lot of space.

In reality we want our HashMap to blend the good features of an array and a linked list.

Usually implementations will enlarge the array part of a HashMap once it gets filled past a certain point (called the load factor).

This is cool stuff!

Material from today’s class is covered in the quiz that starts today. Good luck!
The first final project checkpoint is tomorrow in lab. And the project fair is just around the corner!

Hash Functions

Hash Functions

What Could We Do With Such A Function?

Example: Download Verification

Without A Hash Function

But…

With A Hash Function

Example Download With `md5sum`

Example: Fingerprinting Content

Without a Hash Function

But…

With a Hash Function

Example Content Hash with `git`

Example `git push`

Hash Collisions

The Birthday Paradox

Birthday Hashing Paradox

So Hashes Seem Useful…

Remember Arrays?

Java Maps

A Map By Any Other Name

Map Usage Example

Brief `Map` Implementation

`Map` As Array + Linked List

`HashMap` Performance

`HashMap` Performance

Realistic `HashMap` Performance

Looking forward to CS 225 yet?

Announcements

Hash Functions

Hash Functions

What Could We Do With Such A Function?

Example: Download Verification

Without A Hash Function

But…​

With A Hash Function

Example Download With md5sum

Example: Fingerprinting Content

Without a Hash Function

But…​

With a Hash Function

Example Content Hash with git

Example git push

Hash Collisions

The Birthday Paradox

Birthday Hashing Paradox

So Hashes Seem Useful…​

Remember Arrays?

Java Maps

A Map By Any Other Name

Map Usage Example

Brief Map Implementation

Map As Array + Linked List

HashMap Performance

HashMap Performance

Realistic HashMap Performance

Looking forward to CS 225 yet?

Announcements

But…

Example Download With `md5sum`

But…

Example Content Hash with `git`

Example `git push`

So Hashes Seem Useful…

Brief `Map` Implementation

`Map` As Array + Linked List

`HashMap` Performance

`HashMap` Performance

Realistic `HashMap` Performance